Portuguese pronunciation is known to be quite difficult. It is indeed complex, but the good news is that it is not chaotic.
With the rules presented in this tutorial, you will be able to understand how written Portuguese is actually pronounced.
If you already know how consonants are pronounced, you can skip ahead to vowel pronunciation.
If you already know all this and simply want to improve your European Portuguese accent, see our subtitled video examples.
Let's begin with the basics:
| Letter | IPA | Portuguese Example | English Approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| B | /b/ | banana | banana |
| D | /d/ | dose | dose |
| F | /f/ | face | face |
| L | /l/ | lista | list |
| M | /m/ | manual | manual |
| N | /n/ | normal | normal |
| P | /p/ | parte | part |
| Q | /k/ | qualidade | quality |
| S | /s/ | social | social |
| Z | /z/ | zebra | zebra |
| T | /t/ | táxi | taxi |
| V | /v/ | visita | visit |
Those were really easy, right?
Let's continue!
| Letter | Followed By | IPA | Portuguese Example | English Approximation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | A, O or U | /k/ | cultura | culture |
| E or I | /s/ | centro | centre | |
| Ç | - | /s/ | serviço | service |
| G | A, O or U | /g/ | gasolina | gasoline |
| E or I | /ʒ/ | género | genre (ZH) | |
| J | - | /ʒ/ | Jaime | Jacques (ZH) |
| H | Word beginning | Silent | hora | hour |
| R | Word beginning | /ʁ/ | recente | (Guttural R) |
| Otherwise | /ɾ/ | central | city (AE) |
Now let's look at the digraphs:
| Letter | IPA | Portuguese Example | English Approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH | /ʃ/ | charada | charade (SH) |
| LH | /ʎ/ | brilhante | brilliant |
| NH | /ɲ/ | canhão | canyon |
| RR | /ʁ/ | correto | (Guttural R) |
| SS | /s/ | clássico | classic |
Coda consonants:
Some consonants have a different sound when they occur at the end of a syllable. This is the case with M, N, S, and Z.
| Letter | IPA | Portuguese Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| M | Silent | importante | Preceding vowel becomes nasal |
| N | Silent | contacto |
Followed by an unvoiced consonant (c, ç, ch, f, p, q, s, t) or a pause:
| Letter | IPA | Portuguese Example | English Approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| S | /ʃ/ | Inglês | English |
| Z | faz três |
Followed by a voiced consonant (b, d, g, j, l, lh, m, n, nh, r, rr, v, z):
| Letter | IPA | Portuguese Example | English Approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| S | /ʒ/ | Islândia | casual (ZH) |
| Z | felizmente | seizure (ZH) |
Between vowels:
| Letter | IPA | Portuguese Example | English Approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| S | /z/ | visita | visit |
| Z | feliz aniversário | lazy |
Any consonant other than these (M, N, S, Z) will not change. Let's continue.
The sounds of X:
I left X until the end on purpose. It is the only ambiguous consonant in Portuguese:
| Letter | Rule | IPA | Portuguese Example | English Approximation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| X | Word beginning | /ʃ/ | xampô | shampoo |
| After diphthong | caixa | |||
| After ME | mexicano | |||
| After EN | enxame |
At the end of a syllable, it follows the same rules as S and Z.
In other cases, it may have one of the following sounds:
| Letter | IPA | Portuguese Example | English Approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| X | /ʃ/ | luxúria | shop |
| /s/ | máximo | social | |
| /z/ | existe | xylophone | |
| /ks/ | táxi | taxi | |
| /gz/ | hexadecimal | example |
That's it. We've seen all the consonant sounds.
Click here to continue to the second part of this tutorial: vowel pronunciation. ⇨
Exercise: pay attention to how the consonants sound:
Continue to the second part of this tutorial: vowel pronunciation. ⇨

